The low opposition to current for all grounding or grounded conductors is primarily affected by the system's what?

The low opposition to current for all grounding or grounded conductors is primarily affected by the system's impedance. Impedance is a concept that combines both resistance and reactance (which includes capacitive and inductive effects) in an electrical system. For effective grounding, it's essential to minimize the overall opposition to current flow, as this ensures that fault currents are efficiently cleared and safety is maintained.

In grounding systems, impedance plays a critical role because it affects the flow of electrical current in response to voltage changes. Low impedance pathways in grounding systems help ensure that any fault currents that may occur have a clear and low-resistance path, which is crucial for protecting equipment and ensuring safety.

In contrast, while resistance alone is a factor, it does not account for the reactance caused by inductance and capacitance, which can significantly impact the behavior of current in an AC system. Therefore, when considering the total opposition to current in grounded conductors, impedance is the correct and comprehensive measure to refer to.